We have already learned a lot about this great and vast subject, it is now time to give us a break and find another interesting topic which we can speak here; along this journey we learned you and I about animal communication as well as communication between humans but not only that, but also the richness of language and the interaction between humans and animals. I hope to remain satisfied with the results and always learn new things, because the world in which we live is full of surprises.
Parentese (known as "motherese", an older term) is defined as "a type of baby-directed talk or 'baby talk' which many parents use to communicate with their infants." It is found in many cultures around the world. And, of course, also found in signed languages.
In spoken languages, a parent speaks parentese to the infant in a high-pitched voice along with a slower rhythm. Speech is clear and has exaggerated intonation with longer vowel production. Words or phrases are repeated. the parent pauses long between sentences or phrases to allow the child to think.
In addition, the parent expands what the child says. E.g. child, "cat." Parent, "Yes, it is a cat." "The cat likes you, too." "The cat wants to be friend with you." She/he may use facial expression, manual gesture (e.g. pointing), and prolonged eye contact.
Studies show that infants prefer baby talk opposed to adult talk. Many people think that this type of talk is "dumbing" the child down; however, study shows that babies learn language more efficiently. Although, many parents do adult talk with their infants, which may benefit too. In parentese, studies have shown that native-signing parents use different facial grammar with babies. For example, native-signing parents intuitively modify their facial grammar to a more pleasing affective facial expression.
Similar to some characteristics of speech parentese, the following typical characteristics of parentese in sign language are:
clear signing
exaggerated movements of the signed words
exaggerated facial grammar and facial expression.
repetition of signed words or phrases.
expanding what the child says
pauses between sentences or phrases.
simple, short sentences
extensive use of pointing
prolonged eye contact and gaze
using cinematic effects, transformations, and other effects
I found this information in the next link: http://www.handspeak.com/blog/baby/?byte=&ID=11
Languageis made up of socially shared rules that include the following:
What words mean (e.g., "star" can refer to a bright object in the night sky or a celebrity)
How to make new words (e.g., friend, friendly, unfriendly)
How to put words together (e.g., "Peg walked to the new store" rather than "Peg walk store new")
What word combinations are best in what situations ("Would you mind moving your foot?" could quickly change to "Get off my foot, please!" if the first request did not produce results)
Speech is the verbal means of communicating. Speech consists of the following:
Articulation
How speech sounds are made (e.g., children must learn how to produce the "r" sound in order to say "rabbit" instead of "wabbit").
Voice
Use of the vocal folds and breathing to produce sound (e.g., the voice can be abused from overuse or misuse and can lead to hoarseness or loss of voice).
Fluency
The rhythm of speech (e.g., hesitations or stuttering can affect fluency).
When a person has trouble understanding others (receptive language), or sharing thoughts, ideas, and feelings completely (expressive language), then he or she has a language disorder.
When a person is unable to produce speech sounds correctly or fluently, or has problems with his or her voice, then he or she has a speech disorder.
We have already learned a lot about this great and vast subject, it is now time to give us a break and find another interesting topic which we can speak here; along this journey we learned you and I about animal communication as well as communication between humans but not only that, but also the richness of language and the interaction between humans and animals. I hope to remain satisfied with the results and always learn new things, because the world in which we live is full of surprises.
